en route to Amsterdam marcha europea contra el paro, la precariedad y la exclusión 9 job insecurity.
Del 14 de abril al In June of this year, European leaders will 14 de junio de 1997 meet in Amsterdam to amend the Maastricht Treaty, reform the institutions of the European Union, fix the details of East European Tánger y Almería membership in the Union, and approve steps hasta Amsterdam towards common domestic and foreign policy. In theory, at least. This will be the last in a series of Inter-Governmental Conferences designed to fix the strategy for the next wave of European integration, including the creation of a common currency between a number of core states before the end of the
The December 1996 Euro-summit meeting in Madrid coincided with the first major social movement against the neoliberal logic of the Maastricht Treaty for monetary union: a massive public sector
While the events in France opened the first cracks in the triumphalist neo-liberal consensus, the West European labour movement has remained perplexed, and largely silent about "Europe. " The European Trade Union Confederation is dominated by conformism and apathy concerning the capitalist integration product. Many union leaders are Europe, which characterises the great and the good across the continent. The ETUC has striven to mobilise concerned workers, but without challenging the Maastricht criteria which underpin and "justify" cuts and attacks across Europe.
With the top of the labour movement still trying to square the circle, a modest collec2 International Viewpoint
Desde tion of trade union representatives, unemployed groups, social movements and radical left currents, including the Fourth International, met in Turin in early 1996 to try and provoke some kind of reaction in the labour movement. We met again in Florence in June 1996, where we launched a brief appeal and a proposal: co-ordinated marches across Europe, converging in Amsterdam at the same time as the Inter-Governmental
At the time, this was a risky proposition. Not everyone on the left was convinced that the project could work, or even that it merited the considerable effort involved. Fortunately, the project went ahead.
March organisers knew that behind the official discourse, European unification was beset by monetary and political contradictions. The process of capitalist integration would not, could not, be painless and straightforward.
We also realised that Europe's persistent, mass unemployment had created a "new" social question in the "rich" countries. An increasingly explosive one. Official figures report 18 million unemployed EU residents. A further 18 million work part time, but would rather work full time.
The challenge, was to find the lever that would shift this enormous question into the centre-ground of European societies. Something the official structures of the labour and social movements were not doing. Participants in the Florence meeting wanted action, not more words. And to provoke a reaction appropriate to the size of the problem. An uncommon collective
The collective which formed around the "Marches against Unemployment, Exclusion and Precarity" project was exceptional, for three reasons.
• A strong moral commitment, on an issue
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* the event On 14 June, demonstrators from all fifteen European Union states will arrive in Amsterdam. On foot. François Vercammen introduces the European marches against un- employment, marginalisation and
around which we could legitimately demand a radical change in the priorities of the labour and social movement as far as the European Union is concerned. To concentrate on the social aspects of integration, rather than the single currency.
• The marginalised and excluded were at the centre of this coalition. Together with all those who were ready to act: young and old, immigrant and Europe-born, in work and out of work. Supported by activists from a wide range of trade unions, and from the ecological, feminist and anti-racist movements. The existence of such a grouping incarnated our radical critique of neo-liberal policies, and the desire for a better more egalitarian world.
• This was a an all-European coalition, with organised groups (some larger, some smaller) in each of the EU states and several other European countries.
In February 1997, more than 600 people participated in the Brussels assembly which launched the marches. Just 12 months after the Turin meeting, we had a committee or collective in each of the 15 member states, as well as Norway and Switzerland. The representativity of these groups varied enormously, as did their political weight and militant force. But the assembly confirmed that the weaker had consolidated themselves since the Turin meeting, while the stronger were
More than half the participants in the Brussels assembly were from groups that almost never dominate public meetings: homeless people, immigrants without legal documents, unemployed people, including many whose benefits had expired. The tone of the meeting was set by representatives of the striking Liverpool dockers, workers from the Belgian steelworks Forges de Clabecq (threatened with closure) and a representative of the French sans-papiers ('paperless') immigrants' movement.
After discussing the participants' various forms of struggle and demands, the assembly began to elaborate common demands: a tax on top fortunes, equality for women workers, shortening the working week, special measures for young people, and so on.
Participants agreed on the general structure of the campaign: 18 main marches, converging on Amsterdam, with local welcome committees along the route, activities targeting job centres, schools, universities and town halls, public meetings and debates, and festivals.
To challenge the Euro-centrist consensus of the decision-makers, the first marches would start in Tangiers, Morocco, and Sarajevo, Bosnia. On 14 April, simultaneous actions were held across the EU.
It was not easy to establish a common programme, because of the very varied social contexts, militant background, political values and priorities of the participants. There was disagreement about the details. and even about the basic aims of the campaign. Slowly but surely, consensus was reached on three points. The Florence Appeal would be the basic text of the marches. Participants in the Brussels meeting decided that mention should also be made of our rejection of the neo-liberal monetarist convergence criteria within the Maastricht Treaty. They also stressed that the march committees should launch a debate, among EuroMarch activists and in the wider labour movement, about what alternative we could propose to replace current EU policies.
Participants did not adopt the draft appeal proposed by the European secretariat (made up of the French, Belgian and Dutch march committees). Perhaps it was too early to propose a text. Perhaps it was too late. Either way, participants were divided in their views on key passages, and some objected that the document had been prepared without wider consultation.
As a result, the Appeal was only recognised as a "contribution" to the debate, to which many of the concerns raised during the Brussels assembly were added. Not to be missed
Some currents and individuals saw the marches mainly as a chance to transmit radical opinions to a wider audience. At march meetings, these currents stressed the need to be "as autonomous as possible", and to reserve a large space for "testimony." They often confused the right way to work within the march movement, and the political objectives of the movement. towards the outside world. Other participants reflected the desire of a new generation of militants for clear socialist goals. These participants demanded greater precision in the platform of the movement. Not all were convinced that the marches did indeed represent a radically different social perspective, of rupture with the governments of the EU states, and a challenge to the traditional leadership of the
The stakes were high. The goal was to defeat, or damage, the Maastricht process and the EU integration plans. There was a chance that the marches would provoke an echo among more important currents in the labour movement, as more and more people became critical of the EU's neo-liberal policies. To do so meant understanding why there had to be a contradiction with the EuroMarch collectives: the forces actively involved in the project were almost all from the most radical part of the social movement, broadly defined. But the amended "platform" documents were very broad and open. Indeed. these texts were aimed at all those who had previously supported or accepted the supposed necessity of the Maastricht process, while struggling to oppose the antisocial consequences of the treaty, and the policies it generated.
The leadership of the political and labour wings of social democracy face a terrible dilemma. If they continue to support the EU and monetary union, they will have to confront a growing sector of their rank-and file. More and more people are realising that the Maastricht convergence criteria mean neoliberalism, and that the "stability pact" agreed contents the event
2
Europe: en route to Amsterdam
• François Vercammen europe
5
Russia: Civil society and market transition • David Mandel
7
Albania: The new face of Eastern
Europe • Nicos Yannopoulos
Greece: The limits of flexibility
9
• Ilyas Altinoglu
10
Ireland/Britain:
Bomb threat at
Roisin McAliskey meeting • JD americas
11
Colombia: Paramilitarisation
• Pablo Restrepo
12
Guatemala: Free trade on the heels of genocide • Cindy Forster asia
15 The workers movement in
Malaysia • Arokia Dass (interview)
17 Election violence in Sri Lanka
• B. Skanthakumar
4
Sri Lanka: Left leaders arrested
• Jean Dupont africa
Rwanda: Women and
19 development • Anke Hintjens
19 Zaire: Under new management
• Anke Hintjens
34
Mauritius: Privatising the privatisation debate • Rajni Lallah
Mandela's first 1,000 days
20 Introduction*
22 State interest or mass hegemony?*
COSATU restates its priorities*
23
Strains in the Alliance* • In search
25 of leadership*
26
SANCO: Friend or foe of the
Alliance?* • The Communist Party and the Alliance*
27
Is politics still popular?
• Mwanzele Mayekiso
Black business is big business*
28
29
The World Bank is back
• Patrick Bond south african book notes • Debt
31
Report • Township politics • South
Africa's radical tradition
• Articles marked * are by Carl Brecker regular features
35 book notes • Revolution from above, by D. Kotz and F. Weir
36 NetWorking • Internet action
36 well read • the radical media
May 1997 #288 3
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* the event at the December 1996 Dublin summit means neo-liberalism for ever. As European integration intensifies, it provokes more synchronised labour and social struggles than ever before. Particularly for the more active sectors of the labour movement, and